Southwest Financial free essay sample

Subsequent to investigating the various proportions, it would presume that Southwest is doing well overall. Liquidity Ratios: Liquidity proportions utilize the proportion to decide a companys capacity to take care of its transient obligation commitments. This proportions express the companys abilities of reimbursing the momentary duties utilizing the present resources. The proportions re utilized by loan specialists, leasers among different partners to show the monetary muscle of the organization to explain its liquidity. The proportions are; current proportion and speedy proportion, which are critical in counting liquidity and money flow.The current proportion is present resources isolated by current liabilities with the positive number( answer) demonstrating the occasions the present resources can cover the present liabilities while a negative affirms the equivalent. The brisk proportion is determined by deducting the stock figure from the present resources at that point partitioning the appropriate response with the present liabilities. This further explains the edges position in paying its momentary liabilities without thinking about stock, which has not been offered to make income. We will compose a custom paper test on Southwest Financial or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page By and large, the higher the estimation of the proportion, the bigger the edge of wellbeing that the organization has to cover the momentary obligation. As should be obvious from the diagram underneath, Southwest Airlines is solid monetarily and has a great deal of fluid resources/money accessible to pay transient obligation if the need emerged. Liquidity Ratios 12/31/2013 Net Current Assets % TA - 7. 52 - 631 - 227 - l . 04 Market - esteem Indicator: These are a grouping of different pointers that are utilized by examiner, financial specialists, and different partners to comprehend the patterns of a specific stock.The most generally utilized proportion under the market esteem pointers is the value income proportion, inferred by isolating the cost per share with the winning per share in a particular period. The cost to profit proportion (PEE Ratio) is the proportion of the offer value comparative with the yearly overall gain earned by the firm per share. PEE proportion shows current speculator interest for an organization share, with the model beneath demonstrating the pattern in the previous five years. DuPont Analysis: The industry benchmark thinks about the total of firms in a similar industry. The graph underneath is the manner by which Southwest Airlines is contrasted with their rival Delta Airlines.

Comparing The Simpsons and Aristophanes Clouds Essay -- comparison, c

Tomorrow on the Simpsons, Homer will find that Bart has taken his Visa and charged $10,000 worth of Irritated and Scratchy stock. Having no expectation for taking care of this obligation, Homer chooses to go to graduate school since he can't bear to enlist a chapter 11 legal counselor. The renowned legal counselor, who shows classes, sends a disheartened Homer home to recover his child, for Homer is excessively dense to perhaps gain proficiency with the methods for the courts. As Bart moves on from graduate school, he utilizes his freshly discovered abilities of contention to persuade the courts that his folks are crazy, his sister Lisa has the right to be in an all inclusive school, and he ought to have the option to put his most youthful sister up for reception. Unfit to see another way, Homer tears down the dividers of the Springfield Law School, assaulting the acclaimed legal advisor for demolishing his life. On numerous levels, this is an ordinary scene of The Simpsons, one I am certain any Simpson's fan would appreciate. The main issue is this isn't a scene of The Simpsons, and it won't air tomorrow. This abstract didn't originate from the TV Guide, rather it is a refreshed rendition of Aristophanes' celebrated parody, Clouds. In spite of the fact that it might come as an astonishment, a large number of the components of America's preferred animation are really similar components utilized by Aristophanes numerous hundreds of years prior in his comedic show, Clouds. There are numerous similitudes between the principle characters of Aristophanes' Clouds and the advanced TV most loved The Simpsons. The main correlation with be made is between the dad figures Strepsiades and Homer Simpson. In spite of the fact that isolated by hundreds of years of changes, Strepsiades and Homer offer an astonishing number of essential character qualities. In the first place, they share an absence of scholarly quality; set forth plainly, the two characters are incre... ...98. Carey, Donick. The Simpsons Archive. D'oh-in' in the Wind. 6 Nov. 2000. Ed. Benjamin Robinson. 6 Sept. 2011. Chen, Raymond, Ed. The Simpsons Archive. Treehouse of Horror II 6 Nov. 2000. 6 Sept. 2011. Greaney, Dan. The Simpsons Archive. I'm With Cupid. 6 Nov. 2000. Ed. Benjamin Robinson. 6 Sept. 2011. Meyer, George. The Simpsons Archive. Homer the Heretic. 6. Nov. 2000. Ed. Chris Baird. 6 Sept. 2011. Scully, Mike. The Simpsons Archive. Lisa's Rival. 6 Nov. 2000. Ed. James A. Cherry. 6 Sept. 2011. Vitti, Jon. The Simpsons Archive. Mr. Furrow. 6 Nov. 2000. Ed. James A. Cherry. 6 Sept. 2011.

NCobra Will America Ever Pay Racial Justice And Reparations - 550 Words

N'Cobra: Will America Ever Pay? Racial Justice And Reparations (Essay Sample) Content: NCOBRAStudent NameInstitution AffiliationTate, K. (2013). Will America Ever Pay? Racial Justice and Reparations.The Forum,2(3). doi: 10.2202/1540-8884.1040The article identifies that NCOBRA is a group formed in 1987 to advocate for all the former slaves to receive reparations from the individuals and US corporations who benefitted from misusing them for labor. The author states in recognition of the NCOBRA top leadership Founders of NCOBRA include National Conference of Black Lawyers, The New Afrikan Peoples Organization, and the Republic of New Afrika (Tate, 2013). Over the years the group has grown and has members across the other continents. The author identifies that the reparations are necessary also because of the injuries and the lifelong effect that slavery and forced labor has had on subsequent generations of the black race. These reparations can take various forms from land to monetary resources. The article further notes that in addition to the reparations the movement also seeks to get an apology from the white community on the injustices they perpetrated on the black African Americans.The article is significant in the research as it provides insight on the establishment of the group and its goals and objectives. It shares on different circumstances that many black people in the US have suffered from and after the abolishment of slavery. It also breaks down the various forms of reparations which are not only subjected to monetary aspect.Webster, J. (2015). Black News and current events from African American Organizations, DogonVillage.com. Retrieved from /african_american_news/Articles/00000076.htmlThe article provides one success story and achievement of the NCOBRA in its efforts to seek justice for the black community. The author notes of the recent admission of guilt by Wachovia Corporation for its role in Africans enslavement during the American holocaust. He notes Wachovia Corporations admission of complicity in the enslavement of African people is a direct result of the vigilance of Reparations activists, researchers and politicians requiring individuals and companies to disclose records of participation and profiting from the enslavement of African people (Webster, 2015). The article goes further to note that its important for African descendants not to confuse between good will material offers and their major objective of seeking full reparations for all the injustices against them. The article goes further to note that black people are still being exploited, many years after the abolishment of slavery. It goes on to acknowledge of modern movements and groups such as Black Lives Matter that are the center of fighting for the unfair targeting and killing of black people.The article is significant in the research as it provides one of the many success stories of NCOBRA since its establishment. It also provides the efforts of similar groups that have come up since then in support of the grievances being fo ught by NCOBRA.Bowman, B. (2018). Exploiting Black Labor After The Abolition Of Slavery. Retrieved from https://ibw21.org/commentary/exploiting-black-labor-abolition-slavery/The article notes some of the difficulties that NCOBRA has faced th...

Questions On Group Counseling Proposal - 3651 Words

CNDV 5312 Group Counseling Proposal Angela Neal Lamar University CNDV 5312 Group Counseling Proposal Around 50 percent of all marriages in the United States today end in divorce (Cherline, 1992; Popenoe, 1996, as cited in Potter, 2010). There are several contributing factors. Infidelity, addictions, abuse, lack of intimacy, conflicts, finances, and changes in views of success, priorities and interests could all be reasons marriages fail (Payne, Olver, Roth, n.d.). Divorce not only impacts the married couple, but also their children. Children may experience many mixed emotions when internalizing the divorce. This group proposal will evaluate the behaviors that children may display when going through a period of family breakup. In addition, I will discuss how group counseling may benefit adolescent children in coping with divorce and strategies that may help limit unwanted behaviors. Part 1: Background Potential Problem Adolescent children may display many different types of behaviors when coping with a split family of divorce. Parents will try to cover their feelings when going through a divorce in efforts to not upset the children. However, children still suffer and end up stressed out and are left to deal with a wide array of emotions. The emotions may lead to feelings of guilt. Adolescent children often blame themselves for the cause of divorce. Instead of parents sitting down and explaining, the cause of divorce to the children in an ageShow MoreRelatedDoes Counseling Overlook Glbt Students Needs? Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesDoes Counseling Overlook GLBT Students’ Needs? Ryan M. Bruce Research Methods in Public Administration PADM 6130 – 95 Kyujin Jung â€Æ' Does Counseling Overlook GLBT Students’ Needs? This paper offers a research proposal to deal with the topic of counseling homosexual students. Gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender individuals (GLBT) attended school at some point in their lives. Its main concern is how school counselors approach the needs of these students. This paper seeks to establish if counselorsRead MoreMy Reflection On My Adolescent Side857 Words   |  4 Pagesbright. This is amazing because without believing the group process and truly understanding how it works, leading a (real) group is not possible. When it comes to my (our) mock group experience, it was way worse than I expected. First off all, it was truly anxiety provoking and highly complex process. Even though I was aware of that something going worse, I couldn’t manage it due to my anxiety and lack of experience. We could have used basic counseling skills better during the session, and developed anRead MoreThe Self Esteem Of Adolescent Females Through Delving Into And Reconnoitering Essay1587 Words   |  7 PagesBy definition we are designing a group proposal to develop and expand the self-esteem in adolescent females through delving into and reconnoitering the numerous facets of one’s identity and educating and incorporating new abilities in the course of development. This proposal will deliver contextual material of group counseling and self-esteem. A framework of the prospective group program and analysis of the details of the group will also be discussed. 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Furthermore, upon his release, his probation o fficer ordered him to complete drug and alcohol counseling as a stipulation of probationRead MoreNeeds Assessment Of Establishing Parish Nursing1451 Words   |  6 Pageshealth education, patient advocacy, personal health counseling, coordination of volunteers, to acting as a liaison and referral agent between the people and health care sector. Therefore, an FCN acts as an advocate for patients and can teach the community on particular disease in order to improve their understanding and promote disease management. Parish Nurses (PNs) other than providing spiritual care to the community, also provide counseling, active listening, referrals, education, advocacy, andRead MoreAmerica ´s Health Insurance Plans Essay1473 Words   |  6 Pagesthat by eliminating barriers to transparency is a crucial proponent in addressing health care costs. Transparency addresses the stakeholders increased awareness and insight into health related issues. We believe that this is a vital aspect in our proposal to decrease this barrier and improve outcomes in preventive care. Baicker, K., Cutler, D., and Song, Z. (2010). Workplace wellness programs can generate savings. Health Affairs, 29(2): 304-311. Baicker, Cutler, and Song sought to find if investingRead MoreThe Impact of Counsellor Training on Students3564 Words   |  15 PagesThe Impact of Counsellor Training on Student Counsellors’ Significant Relationships Research Proposal The British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP) define counselling, along with psychotherapy, as being â€Å"umbrella terms that cover a range of talking therapies† (BACP, 2012: 1). In addition, counselling is provided by practitioners who â€Å"work with people over a short or long term to help them bring about effective change or enhance their wellbeing† (BACP, 2012: 1). Those who practiceRead MoreA Sample Group Counseling Project Proposal4294 Words   |  18 PagesA group Counseling Project Proposal - sample INTRODUCTION What is Group Counseling? Purpose of the group counseling varies from group to group. It can be therapeutic, educational, or helping people to make fundamental changes in their way of thinking, feeling and behaving (Corey, 2004, p. 7). Group counseling/therapy has the advantage of being more effective than individual therapy because, it more closely stimulates social interactions and interpersonal communication patterns than does individual

A Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens - 1420 Words

The era surrounding the French Revolution was a horrifically bloody and violent period of history – the best of times and the worst of times. The violence enacted by the citizens of French on their fellow countrymen set a gruesome scene in the cities and country sides of France. Charles Dickens uses a palate of storm, wine, and blood imagery in A Tale of Two Cities to paint exactly how tremendously brutal this period of time was. Dickens use of storm imagery throughout his novel illustrates to the reader the tremulous, fierce, and explosive time period in which the course of events takes place. Dicken’s use of illustrating storms throughout the novel serves the important purpose of showing the reader how the events of the French†¦show more content†¦The accident had happened in getting it out of a cart; the cask had tumbled out with a run, the hoops had burst, and it lay on the stones just outside the door of the wine-shop, shattered like a walnut shell. All th e people within reach had suspended their business, or their idleness, to run to the spot and drink the wine†¦ Some men kneeled down made scoops of their two hands joined, and sipped, or tried to help women, who bent over their shoulders, to sip, before the wine had all run out between their fingers. Others, men and women, dipped in the puddles with little mugs of mutilated earthenware, or even with handkerchiefs from women’s heads, which were squeezed dry into infants’ mouths†¦ (31) The use of wine imagery during the mass hysteria of the capsized cart illustrates the French Revolution on several levels. When the cart capsizes, Dickens describes the falling wine as having burst and tumbled out of the cart, which greatly illustrates the bumpy nature of the events leading up to the outbreak of the revolution. Dickens compares the wine bottles to a shattered walnut shell as a foreshadowing of the broken state of France subsequent to the revolution. 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These are the two cities that the book centers around. In the city of London, the neighborhood of SoHo, and Paris, the french countryside, and city of Dover. b city houses, palace of Versailles. The house in Paris where the Darnay s stayedRead MoreA Tale Of Two Cities By Charles Dickens1363 Words   |  6 PagesTale of Two Cities A Tale of Two Cities is a 19th century novel that conveys the terror of the French Revolution through the story of the Manette and Darnay family. Charles Dickens intertwined characters throughout the novel to convey the equivocal viewpoint of the citizens throughout England. The ambiguous characters of Charles Darnay, Madame Defarge, and Mr. Carton, work to show both the innocence and savagery of the revolution. 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Love eclipses tyranny, poverty, and all ot her problems that sansculottes in the novel face as love cannot be taken awayRead MoreA Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens1381 Words   |  6 PagesOf the extraordinary amount of literary devices available to authors, Charles Dickens uses quite a few in his novel A Tale of Two Cities, which is set during the French Revolution. One of his more distinctive devices is character foils. The five sets of foils are Carton and Darnay, Carton and Stryver, Darnay and the Marquis de Evremonde, Madame Defarge, and Mr. Lorry and Jerry Cruncher. Dickens uses foil characters to highlight the virtues of several major characters in order to show the theme of

Ethical theory by Cathy Burke Samples for Students Myassignment

Question: Identify an ICT-related Ethical Issue from a Media article or Case Study. Answer: Introduction: The development of stealth drone machine was commissioned by United States in year 2015 directed by Pentagon. Expansion of the machine was responsible for payroll delivery and transforming surveillance. The article depicts that after the mission is accomplished, drones would have prevailing capabilities like vampire that disappears in thin air. In addition to this, the government was motivated for putting project with an amount of $ eight million. Such investment was done on 26-week design project and it was the initial investment made by government. Some of the dilemma related with the project and ethical issues have been exhibited in the report and this issues is represented in article written by Cathy Burke. There are four classical theories that would be discussed in the report. Discussion: Disappearing drones: The projected device comes with specification; some of the resources would be deliver by drone in areas that is difficult to reach. In addition to this, the device, it would assist in dropping payroll in altered areas and hide them in locations that are convenient. Moreover, surveillance duties will be conducted using drones by a watchful eye that is; it would maintain high distances in air. It would also consider the innumerable acts of violating the components of ethics such as intellectual, property, security and privacy (Beckman, 2016). Knowledge of civilians will not be required for operation of drones. However, military would have the right to carry out some surveillance to some extent. Deontology: Military are the people who have the right of governing the device and in this regard, it is need to consider the duties that they have when they are in power. There are certain policies and rule, which they are obliged to follow. Irrespective of the actions taken by them are right or wrong, they have to comply with the rule based on their experiences.Depending upon the moral standards of users, sage and implementation of disappearing drones would have in the long run. If another situation is considered, where military are required to comportment surveillance in foreign land. The dominant security conditions in foreign land forms the basis of judgment of executing the actions by military (Carlton Schaerf, 2015). People who are miles away from grounds are least interested in conducting critical assessment and this result in raising questions about dilemma relating to ethics. The report also exhibit two ethical issues by making the introduction of deontological issues, duties and constraint. Ethical standards possess a question and are constrained by standard of ethics so that irrespective of relationship, they are to be treated equally (Nichols et al., 2016). Nonetheless, military have the duties of protecting others by making use of all obligatory means. Hence, irrespective of measures that are placed for governing the execution of operations, there would be a tendency of booming the conflict. Utilitarianism: If the outcome of action is maximized, then it is exhibited as moral and ethical standards. This comprise of the definition of Utilitarianism. There might be all the available measures for safeguarding the lives of human being with drones. This era has the features where terrorism exist and many acts are done that is characterized by insecurities and for stopping the criminals, drones will assist required intelligence. However, the thing that is to be questioned is the monitoring of the acts of surveillance and military teams. This relates to monitoring those who are monitoring other people (Abdulhamid et al., 2014). The fate of some countries in Middle East regions is judged by the actions of few individual and in this regard, quality is regarded as most important. It is so because Middle East suffers most and there are innocent civilians. Disappearing drones should not lead to subject their own count of happiness. This is so because it is quite possible that bombs will be dropped i n secrecy as collected from surveillance (Mulgan, 2014). Virtue: The acquisition of proposed contract according to DARPA (The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) is that drones will perform righteous and good acts. There are few areas that are hard to reach will be accessed by drones for delivering medical and food system. Some of the technologies intends to improve way of living as depicted by history and it fell squat of course. Nuclear and atomic bomb are best example. End users such as military personnel and developers are entitled to having moral standards (Melden, 2013). Moreover, ethical outcomes are outlined by standards and character expansion. The moral outcome of project is determined by using technology and taking moral decisions is the function and purpose of people that might have an impact on people. If the operation of military are aligned with righteous acts would lead to use of minimal resources. In first place, there would be violation of privacy and secondly if wrongdoers discover the elusive acts of military, then this lead to compromising of security (Dodds Pippard, 2013). Contract: It has been exhibited in the Cathys article and have proposed have inherent contractual responsibilities toward society. This from an ethical viewpoint may either help or disrupt the course. Societies are governed by universal principles and policies. There would be negative outcome if such rules were not present. Rational individuals would develop the said and prescribed rules. The case study depicts many legal loopholes in the project of disappearing drone and individuals having their own personal agendas are likely to exploit by the project. When considering existing and experiences, this particularly line of thought is justified completely. In order for guiding the users intheir function and governing the moral outlook, a critical legal framework and a social contract must be put in place. For prosecuting and apprehending the international cyber-criminals, there are negligible international laws in the flied of cyber security. It is required by US pentagons and DARPA to make the assessment about the contractual obligations before the said laws and rules are developed (Levitt et al., 2015). This is to be done to immediate society along with those in foreign land where drones are worn. Conclusion: People are governed by act of morality for undertaking good actions that are liberated from harm and evil things. Hence, human life should be promoted by taking ethically upright decisions without directly or indirectly harming those who are related to it. Some of the serious ethical issues are raised in Cathys article and they involve security, privacy and intellectual property. Transformation of surveillance is undertaken in proposed project where disappeared drone would have capabilities that are extended compared to current processes. Some of the valuable intelligence would be collected by them on security matters such as terrorism. Nonetheless, collection of such information does not require innocent civilians consent. Moreover, there are some extended capabilities possessed by system and this involves rising of serious concern such as potential harm of carrying equipments. There are some serious ethical concerns involved in this particular drone project discussed in the article where execution of drone strikes has the consequence of serious causalities of most of the innocent civilians. Execution of project comes with good purpose of DARPA. Nonetheless, for meeting the extended operations, the application would wander off from the course. The likelihood of drones on residents intellectual property is used irrespective of their location or regions. Hence, main question relates to implementation of proposed device would be determined by what standards. Reference: Abdulhamid, S. M., Ahmad, S., Waziri, V. O., Jibril, F. N. (2014). Privacy and national security issues in social networks: The challenges.arXiv preprint arXiv:1402.3301. Beckman, J. (2016).Comparative legal approaches to homeland security and anti-terrorism. Routledge. Carlton, D., Schaerf, C. (Eds.). (2015).International terrorism and world security(Vol. 3). Routledge. Dodds, F., Pippard, T. (2013).Human and environmental security: an agenda for change. Earthscan. Levitt, D. H., Farry, T. J., Mazzarella, J. R. (2015). Counselor Ethical Reasoning: Decision?Making Practice Versus Theory.Counseling and Values,60(1), 84-99. Melden, A. I. (2013).Ethical theories. Read Books Ltd. Mulgan, T. (2014).Understanding utilitarianism. Routledge. Nichols, J. M., Judd, K. P., Olson, C. C., Novak, K., Waterman, J. R., Feller, S., ... Brady, D. (2016). Range performance of the DARPA AWARE wide field-of-view visible imager.Applied optics,55(16), 4478-4484. Taylor, R. W., Fritsch, E. J., Liederbach, J. (2014).Digital crime and digital terrorism. Prentice Hall Press. Walklate, S., Mythen, G. (2014).Contradictions of terrorism: Security, risk and resilience. Routledge.

The West African Regional War Essay Example For Students

The West African Regional War Essay The West Africa Regional WarFor observers of the West Africa regional war, the recent calm in the war-torn Mano River Union (MRU) states Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea has given rise to optimism. Guarded, as this optimism might be, the decrease in violence in West Africa during the second half of 2001 is an important development given the scope and intensity of fighting that gripped these states earlier in the year. While observers agree that the current absence of widespread violent conflict in the MRU is a much-welcomed development, it must not mask the profound cleavages within these societies, the tenuous nature of the UN-imposed peace in Sierra Leone, and the continued serious threat of renewed warfare in the region. A brief overview of the horrendous and persistent conflicts that have engulfed the MRU over the past decade underscores the need for vigilance by the international community in its pursuit of lasting peace in West Africa. The past dozen years of violent conflict in West Africa have led to the death, injury, and mutilation of hundreds of thousands of people and the displacement of millions more. Conservative estimates place the total number of war-related deaths during the seven-year civil war in Liberia (1989 1996) at 150,000, more than 5 percent of Liberias estimated population (SIPRI Yearbook, 1996). We will write a custom essay on The West African Regional War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But this number only begins to tell the story of the horror that civil war brought to this small nation of 2.8 million United Nations Development Program (UNDP), Human Development Report, 1995. Hundreds of thousands more Liberians were injured, displaced, and terrorized by the conflict, and today the tiny state remains the hostage of its corrupt and brutal dictator, Charles Taylor. After the war spread into Sierra Leone in 1991, it had a similarly devastating effect. As in Liberia, armed insurgents preyed on the rural populations, raping, pillaging, and forcefully inducting children into their ranks. During the eight years of warfare that followed, it is estimated (conservatively) that over 60,000 of Sierra Leones estimated 4.2 million inhabitants were killed and hundreds of thousands more injured, mutilated, and displaced (SIPRI Yearbook, 2001; UNDP, Human Development Report, 1995). The 2001 UNDP Human Development Report ranks Sierra Leone last out of the 162 nations rated on the human development index (HDI), a composite measure based on life expectancy, education, and gross domestic product per capita. Most of the refugees sought shelter in neighboring Guinea. The end of the 1990s housed over 500,000 refugees housed in hundreds of camps and settlements in Guinea, one of the largest refugee populations in the world (U.S. Commission for Refugees, Guinea: Country Report 1999, www. refugees.org/world/countryrpt/africa/1999/guinea.htm). While the destabilizing effects on Guinean society of large numbers of Liberian and Sierra Leonean refugees was profound throughout the 1990s, sustained cross-border conflict did not break out between Guinea and her neighbors until 2000. Cross-border attacks into Guinea by Sierra Leones Revolutionary United Front (RUF) and various Liberian-based rebel groups precipitated a harsh military response from the Guinean military, which led to thousands of militia and civilian casualties. Of course, fighting in West Africa during the 1990s was not confined to the MRU states. Serious bloodshed occurred in Guinea-Bissau (1999), the southern Casamance region of Senegal (ongoing), and Nigeria (ongoing) and conflict threatens to engulf c?te dIvoire. Sometimes referred to as the arc of conflict in West Africa, these wars escape simple classification. While the war that started in 1989 in Liberia has become regionalized in the rest of the MRU, the other areas of instability in West Africa are based on intra-state phenomena. Nevertheless, the broader and deeper that instability grows in West Africa, the greater the risk that conflicts will merge and spread, further exacerbating conditions that make West Africa the most impoverished region in the world. The Big PictureIn light of this fighting and the gloomy specter of a growing regional war in West Africa, the United States Institute of Peace convened a group of experts on the conflicts in West Africa and formed a working group to bring together individuals from various national and international agencies and organizations to shed light on the nature of the conflicts in West Africa and recommend appropriate American responses. In this way, the group endeavored to inform itself and support the Bush administrations new Africa team that was confronted with complex and difficult polic y choices. This effort led to four gatherings of the West Africa Working Group (WAWG) between March and August. From the outset, the working group adopted a big picture analytical focus. That is, the group quickly agreed that the series of conflicts in the MRU stretching over the 1990s and into the 2000s should be looked at as a whole. Conceptually, the MRU conflict was therefore seen as a regional war with regional dimensions. Thus, what started in Liberia in 1989 is related to the war in Sierra Leone and to the fighting that broke out in Guinea in 2000. And while different dynamics are responsible for the instability radiating beyond the MRU into other parts of West Africa today, these conflicts further menace regional peace and complicate efforts to find a lasting peace across the West African region. The working group attracted a diverse array of U.S. and foreign specialists that varied depending on the topic of the particular session. The group included representatives from Capitol Hill, British and French governments, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University, intelligence agencies, International Peace Academy, Interaction, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), National Security Council, Pentagon, Physicians for Human Rights, State Department, United Nations, and United States Agency for International Development. The views expressed here represent a summation of issues examined by the WAWG, highlighting the most salient findings and policy recommendations. There were few points of disagreement during the many hours of discussions, both over what has led to the current crisis in West Africa and how the United States should move forward in the region. Perhaps the most significant and sustained point of contention within the WAWG was the degree of optimism/pessimism shared over the current process of demobilization, disarmament, and resettlement (DDR) in Sierra Leone. While some WAWG members were cautiously optimistic that the RUF is finished as a military force, others believed that the rebel group will dig up its guns and resist expulsion from the diamond fields. These group members also concluded that the UN mission lacks the will to confront the RUF if such a scenario plays out. Causes of the ConflictThe group quickly reached a consensus that there are many deleterious forces at play in the region, beyond Charles Taylor and the RUF, that have led to violent conflict in the MRU. .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 , .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .postImageUrl , .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 , .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825:hover , .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825:visited , .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825:active { border:0!important; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825:active , .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Problem of Sustainability Essay Internal factors stemming from poverty, lack of economic opportunity, ethnic animosities, and a history of political abuse and corruption have fueled the brutal conflicts. External factors have also had a major impact on the duration and ferocity of the conflict, especially the interventions of Burkina Faso and Libya (states that have reportedly trained and armed Taylor and the RUF) and the activities of non-state actors, mostly profiteers such as diamond, timber, and arms traffickers. Working group participants also reached the early conclusion that while the poor socio-economic factors in the regions West Africa contains 11 of the worl ds 20 poorest states were exacerbating both the duration and intensity of the regional conflict, efforts to change the state of underdevelopment in West Africa will be fruitless until the security aspects of the problem are addressed (UNDP, Human Development Report, 2001). Accordingly, the group focused its analysis on containing and ending the fighting. U.S. Interests in West AfricaThe working group agreed that underlying the proliferation of the so-called soft threats (non-traditional security threats to the United States, like the spread of contagion, international criminal networks, and terrorism) is the growing phenomenon of state collapse. In Afghanistan, Colombia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Indonesia, and Somalia, the deleterious effects of the crumbling state are plain to see. In each of these cases, instability and violence have ultimately led to the weakening, and in some instances the failure, of central government and to direct costs for the United Stateseconomically, militarily, in terms of regional stability, and in humanitarian terms. While each of the above cases has elicited a strong policy response from past and current administrations, U.S. policy toward the war in West Africa is still taking shape. Yet state collapse in Liberia (1989) and Sierra Leone (1991) now threatens to spread to a number of West African states including the bordering nations of Guinea and c?te dIvoire. A review of what is at stake for the United States in West Africa illustrates the importance and urgency of developing a policy to stop the spread of the conflict in the region and to cut the legs out from under the wars two main vectors: Liberias Charles Taylor and Sierra Leones RUF. The cycle of state collapse now occurring in the three member states of the war-torn MRU places the entire West African region at risk. Indeed, this area is home to numerous military dictatorships and simmering ethnic rivalries. And as we have already witnessed in other parts of the world, as fighting and instability spread in West Africa, so too does the growth of terrorist networks and international criminal organizations; the destruction of the environment; the spread of disease, refugees, poverty, and ethnic strife; and the general unraveling of living conditions for the regions nearly 240 million people. Nowhere in West Africa is stability more important to the United States than in Nigeria, the continents most populous nation (estimated to be 126 million in 2001, according to the World Fact Book, www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ni. html) and our most important regional ally. Not only does the United States rely on Nigeria as a major source of oil (10 percent of U.S. imports in 2000), but Nigeria is also one of two (along with South Africa) focal points of American foreign policy in sub-Saharan Africa. The United States has strongly supported the democratic government of President Olusegun Obasanjo and has established a strong military cooperation program with Nigeria that has led to the training of five battalions of Nigerian soldiers. Moreover, the United States clearly has an interest in supporting the success of next years important local elections (scheduled for April) and state and federal elections in 2003. The partnership with Nigeria therefore presents an important test case for the United States: support for our friend will not only increase the chances for domestic and regional stability in West Africa, it will demonstrate to other friendly African states that the United States is engaged on the continent. Indeed, increased U. S. engagement in the region is also necessary to counter the deleterious effects of the activities of corrupt non-state actors, the potential growth of militant Islam, and Libyan expansionism in West Africa. The United States should also maintain a keen interest in the success of the United Nations Armed Mission to Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL). Since its near collapse in 2000, UNAMSIL has regrouped with the strong support of the British and today appears to be more coherent and effective. The success of this mission is essential to the strengthening of the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operationsa development that is clearly in the interest of the United States. Moreover, the United States has invested heavily in the mission. In fiscal year 2000, the United States contributed over $128 million to UNAMSIL, a figure that grew to nearly $190 million in fiscal year 2001. This accounts for a significant proportion of the U. S. humanitarian aid budget, funds that are desperately needed elsewhere. Finally, the intangible costs of American inaction in the region would be substantial. The marginalization of African crises from American foreign policy concerns perpetuates the perception within the international community that the United States does not care about the plight of Africans. This undercuts our status as the international leader for democracy, human rights, and peace and damages our national credibility abroad. Just as the marginalization of West Africa jeopardizes U.S. interests, targeted American engagement in the region could bear ample fruit. U.S. engagement in the region in cooperation with our French and British allies could provide an important test case and perhaps a model of Western cooperation that could be called upon elsewhere on the continent (notably in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, DRC) to address war and state collapse. The working group agreed that the key to future collaborative efforts in the region between the United States and its Western European allies will be to identify ways to harness Frances considerable regional influence and elicit policies from Paris that are more compatible with our own. In addition to working more closely with our Western allies on the formation of Africa policies, U.S. cooperation with the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) could also set an important precedent for future cooperative actions on the continent.U. .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff , .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .postImageUrl , .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff , .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff:hover , .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff:visited , .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff:active { border:0!important; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff:active , .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The World of Culinary Arts EssayS. Policy toward the RegionAccording to administration sources, Americas policy toward Africa is based on three goals: increasing peace and stability, spreading democracy, and increasing economic prosperity on the continent. Within this approach there are several substantive policy priorities: addressing disease (HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria), opening markets (Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, AGOA, and perhaps the creation of AGOA II designed to increase the number of items covered by the free-trade agreement), political liberalization, and ending wars on the continent (especially in the DRC, Sierra Leone, and Sudan). The government intends to do this while at the same time supporting African states such as Senegal, Mali, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, Mozambique, and Botswana, where socio-economic progress has been made. In West Africa this policy undergirds a number of U.S. programs. First, the United States has continued to support UNAMSIL financially and through military training of African peacekeepers. The U.S. government has also worked closely with the United Kingdom and supported Britains lead role in restoring peace in Sierra Leone. Finally, the United States continues its military and financial support to the Cont? government in Guinea. These efforts comprise part of a broader U.S. strategy in West Africa designed to support our regional allies and contain the spread of the war. The main target of this policy has been the Charles Taylor government in Liberia. The administration has thus attempted to break the link between the Taylor regime and the sale of conflict diamonds through the support of legislation in the United States and of UN sanctions on diamond exports and arms sales and a travel ban on Liberian government officials. In addition to its containment policy toward Taylor, the United States has also attempted to shore up regional allies like Presidents Kufour (Ghana), Konar? (Mali), Wade (Senegal), and Obasanjo (Nigeria). It is also clear that the United States has little choice but to work with President Gbagbo (c?te dIvoire), despite his contested rise to power, to preserve stability. Challenges to U. S. PolicyBeyond these policy thrusts, the working group identified several challenges to the administrations policy and important questions that have yet to be addressed. Short-Term Issues How can the United States best support the United Kingdoms lead role in Sierra Leone? What else should the United States do to bring about a more democratic regime in Liberia? How can the United States avert increased instability in Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, and c?te dIvoire while fostering socio-economic liberalization in these states? How should the United States collaborate with the French to foster economic development and good governance in West Africa? How will the administration prepare the political terrain in Washington to win support for these initiatives on the Hill? ong-Term Issues What are our long-term commitments to UNAMSIL and how will the United States define an exit strategy? How does the U.S. government envisage moving from DDR to economic growth in Sierra Leone and the rest of the West African region? ConclusionThe working group agreed that the international community, striving to end the horror of West Africas regional war, must begin by overseeing the successful resolution of conflict in Sierra Leone. Yet despite recent progress made in ending that war and the implementation of DDR, a number of unpleasant realities remain, making policy formation for the United States and the rest of the international community extremely difficult. UNAMSIL thus must be seen for what it is: a quick-fix, capacity-building effort that is not sustainable over the long run. The economies, political organs, and state institutions in Sierra Leone and Liberia are in a shambles and human capital is entirely depleted. The Kabbah government is a shell, and as one WAWG member put it, There is no there there in Sierra Leone. Still more troubling is the possibility of further violence and destabilization in the region: the RUF continues to menace the peace process; the Cont? and Gbagbo governments lack legitimacy at home and are threatened from within their own states; and tensions remain high between northern Muslims and southern Christians in c?te dIvoire after several years of divisive ethnic politics that have set the groups against one another. More broadly, profound socio-economic problems grip the entire West Africa region, making it fertile ground for future violent conflict. This reality points to several fundamental questions for the U. S. government: have the events of September 11 given rise to a renewed appreciation of the dangers of collapsed states? Or, will the current war on terrorism continue to draw attention and resources away from the crises in West Africa? And finally, can the United States work with its European (especially French) and African allies to help manage conflict and build economic prosperity in the region? Recommendations1.Provide strong support to British leadership in Sierra Leone. 2. Successfully marry the administrations West Africa program with the ambitious conflict prevention/development programs being articulated at the U.S. Agency for International Development. 3. Consider Sierra Leone a model for learning how the United States should approach complex humanitarian crises, state collapse, and regionalized conflict in Africa. 4.Increase U.S. domestic political will to engage in the region through public education and awareness building. 5.Find a middle ground for working with the French on the role Liberias Charles Taylor will play in the future of the region. 6. Develop a mid- and long-term regional plan for West Africa that accounts for big-picture economic and human development trends. 7.Implement the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act as soon as possible and draft and then implement AGOA II, thus extending the number of products covered by the legislation. 8. Buttress socio-economic development in Nigeria, the most populous and perhaps most important U.S. ally in sub-Saharan Africa. 9. Cut off financial resources to warlords who gain sustenance from non-state profiteers like diamond and timber buyers as well as from state actors intent on creating instability to further their own political and economic goals. 10.Continue military assistance to the key regional armies to professionalize them and build linkages with the United States. 11. Speed up debt forgiveness, especially for those countries that play by the rules and are in the process of socio-economic liberalization. 12.Increase aid to the region as an investment in stability, socio-economic development, and the creation of new markets for the United States and to help prevent state collapse. Words/ Pages : 3,186 / 24