Law and Ethics Case Study †Nestle Essay

Numerous legitimate and moral issues in Public Relations originate from enormous organizations drive to expand benefits. A case of this is Nestles exploitative direct in regards to their newborn child milk in the mid 70’s, causing a colossal embarrassment. Alongside other forceful advertising strategies Nestle was delegating formally dressed Nurses to disperse the infant recipe and pamphlets for nothing in medical clinics and maternity wards in the creating scene, for example, in Ethiopia and Indonesia. Settle gave new moms this equation long enough for their own milk to evaporate, accordingly driving them getting reliant on the recipe, and at the time United States Agency for International Development official Dr Stephan Joseph accused ‘reliance for child recipe for a million newborn child passings consistently however lack of healthy sustenance and diarrheal diseases’, demonstrating the potential impacts of Nestles exploitative publicizing in the creating scene. http://www.businessinsider.com/settles baby equation outrage 2012-6?op=1 Nestle gave unexpected weakness laborers gifs to advance their items just as supporting clinic items, for example, marking infant wrist groups and medical caretakers remedy cushions to get the brand in the bleeding edge of people’s minds and trust it has valuable items because of human services support. Settle sabotaged new moms trust in bosom taking care of by the advancement of its newborn child milk and mishandled the need for westernization in the creating scene. There are numerous issues encompassing Nestles baby milk and its advancement. Recipe is less sound for an infant and impressively more costly than bosom milk. In the creating scene most couldn't bear the cost of this cost so gave their youngster frail milk to make the recipe last, prompting kids getting cut off absence of supplements and nutrients that they require for sound development. The equation likewise requires clean water which in numerous spots in the creating scene isn't accessible, expanding the spread of sicknesses and the runs inside newborn children. The baby recipe likewise needs fundamental supplements that an infant needs. This shows how Nestle exploited the undereducated who don't get sanitation and healthful needs. Marks were likewise not meant the nations where the item was been conveyed, so a full comprehension of the item was being retained. Settles advancement and across the board dispersion of infant equation in the creating scene prompted tremendous harm to the brands notoriety all around, particularly in the created world which thus prompted a worldwide blacklist of Nestle in the late 70’s prompting a gigantic fall in marketing projections and absence of trust in the brand. Many made Nestles exploitative conduct open including the New Internationalists uncover portraying the disputable promoting rehearses used to get thirds world moms ‘hooked’ on equation, distributed in 1973. In 1974 London’s War on Want association likewise distributed a booklet on Nestles conduct called the ‘baby killer’ uncovering the outcomes of child equation and unscrupulous promoting methods. This association and its interpreters were later sued by Nestle for its distribution. * Even however Nestles conduct was viewed as very exploitative it was not unlawful as no laws were set up encompassing promoting of infant food items. Be that as it may, because of open shock and familiarity with Nestles exploitative promoting rehearses hearings were held in 1978 between the US Senate, the World Health Organization, UNICEF and the International Baby Food Action Network which prompted another arrangement of advertising rules for child recipe and food items and by 1981 the worldwide codes of showcasing bosom milk substitutes had been made. Key purposes of these principles are demonstrated as follows. Child food organizations may not: * advance their items in medical clinics, shops or to the overall population * give free examples to moms or free or sponsored supplies to emergency clinics or maternity wards * offer blessings to wellbeing laborers or moms * elevate their items to wellbeing laborers: any data gave by organizations must contain just logical and authentic issues * advance nourishments or beverages for babies * give deceiving data * There ought to be no contact between infant milk organization deals work force and moms. * Labels must be in a language comprehended by the mother and should incorporate an unmistakable wellbeing cautioning. * The marks must exclude language which admires the utilization of the item. http://www.who.int/sustenance/distributions/code_english.pdf Companies should likewise portray the expenses and potential results of utilizing the equation as anâ alternative to bosom milk and it must be clarified that bosom milk is the most beneficial choice for an infant. These rules will be governs and are not laws so are not lawfully enforceable except if they have been fused into the lawmaking body of a country state. Numerous nations have fused the guidelines into law anyway this does exclude the US or the UK. In this manner implementation of these standards can now and again be viewed as being frail. In 1995 publicizing on infant equation was prohibited anyway numerous organizations use provisos to advance their items, for example, brand name and follow on recipe promoting, and numerous social rights bunches despite everything blame Nestle and different organizations for extending the principles. There are numerous moral issues encompassing Nestles child milk equation and its publicizing and dissemination, however because of absence of guidelines at that point, no laws were broken. The item that was being dispersed and showcased was baby equation which has been demonstrated to thwart newborn child development and adds to superfluous mischief, enduring and passing of children, particularly in creating nations where clean water, required for the recipe is once in a while accessible. At the time the World Health Organization found that babies on equation in creating nations had death rates five to multiple times higher than those of bosom took care of infants, and Save the Children’s State of the World report says that ‘six long stretches of elite breastfeeding are said to expand a child’s possibility of endurance by six times’. http://www.businessinsider.com/settles newborn child recipe embarrassment 2012-6?op=1 Settle is likewise observed to have mishandled poor people, exploiting the undereducated and uneducated just as manhandling the need for westernization in the creating scene. By doing this Nestle is likewise promising destitution by making more expenses for the poor just as making more medical problems in neediness stricken territories. By giving absence of data Nestle additionally sabotaged mothers’ option to be appropriately educated. Settle likewise utilized dishonest advancement strategies, sabotaging the advantages of breastfeeding and erroneously publicizing the requirement for and the dietary benefit of its infant equation by utilizing ladies dressed as medical caretakers to appropriate the item. On this UNICEF has stated, ‘marketing rehearses that sabotage breastfeeding are possibly perilous any place they are sought after: in the creating scene WHO (The World Health Assembly) assessed that some 1.5 million kids dieâ each year since they are not sufficiently breastfed. These realities are not in dispute.’ http://info.babymilkaction.org/nestlefree. These realities show that unscrupulous conduct and advancement strategies by organizations, for example, Nestle can cause more noteworthy newborn child passings in the creating scene. Codes and PR practice Settles untrustworthy conduct, in spite of the fact that at the time was not seen to overstep any laws, was breaking a considerable lot of the Public Relations Consultants Association implicit rules. The following is recorded the codes that Nestle penetrated during its push to sell newborn child milk in the created world. †Inducement †Neither straightforwardly or in a roundabout way give any budgetary or other incitement to open delegates †Influence †Neither propose nor attempt any activity which would establish an inappropriate impact on open agents, the media or different partners †Accuracy †Take every sensible advance to guarantee reality and exactness of all data gave †Falsehood †Make each exertion not to purposefully scatter bogus or deceiving data, practice legitimate consideration to abstain from doing so inadvertently and address any such demonstration speedily †Deception †Observance †Observe the standards of the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights †Conduct proficient exercises with appropriate respect to open intrigue †Have a positive obligation consistently to regard reality and will not disperse bogus or deluding data purposely or wildly, and to utilize legitimate consideration to abstain from doing so accidentally †Every part in social insurance advertising will guarantee that data spread is adjusted and precise and not prone to misdirect http://www.prca.org.uk http://www.ipra.org Alongside breaking these codes through double dealing, little respect for open intrigue or wellbeing and impact, Nestle can likewise be believed to break Human rights by not giving a reasonable view on the suggestions and impacts of newborn child milk, an issue which is additionally ethically and morally off-base. Settles conduct, as recently referenced led to another arrangement of advertising rules for infant equation and food items and new codes around theâ marketing of bosom milk substitutes. Despite the fact that they couldn't be lawfully rebuffed or arraigned, the suggestions to Nestle from this battle were immense and incredibly harmed the company’s notoriety long haul. Because of the gigantic media inclusion of the embarrassment, just as the numerous uncovered that were distributed Nestles deals dropped extensively because of the worldwide blacklist of the brand and trust in the organization was extraordinarily harmed long haul. Just time has figured out how to remake the brand just as the arrival of numerous medicinal services related items, anyway this is as yet a broadly discussed dishonest crusade because of the idea of the outrage, espe

Southwest Financial free essay sample

Subsequent to investigating the various proportions, it would presume that Southwest is doing well overall. Liquidity Ratios: Liquidity proportions utilize the proportion to decide a companys capacity to take care of its transient obligation commitments. This proportions express the companys abilities of reimbursing the momentary duties utilizing the present resources. The proportions re utilized by loan specialists, leasers among different partners to show the monetary muscle of the organization to explain its liquidity. The proportions are; current proportion and speedy proportion, which are critical in counting liquidity and money flow.The current proportion is present resources isolated by current liabilities with the positive number( answer) demonstrating the occasions the present resources can cover the present liabilities while a negative affirms the equivalent. The brisk proportion is determined by deducting the stock figure from the present resources at that point partitioning the appropriate response with the present liabilities. This further explains the edges position in paying its momentary liabilities without thinking about stock, which has not been offered to make income. We will compose a custom paper test on Southwest Financial or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page By and large, the higher the estimation of the proportion, the bigger the edge of wellbeing that the organization has to cover the momentary obligation. As should be obvious from the diagram underneath, Southwest Airlines is solid monetarily and has a great deal of fluid resources/money accessible to pay transient obligation if the need emerged. Liquidity Ratios 12/31/2013 Net Current Assets % TA - 7. 52 - 631 - 227 - l . 04 Market - esteem Indicator: These are a grouping of different pointers that are utilized by examiner, financial specialists, and different partners to comprehend the patterns of a specific stock.The most generally utilized proportion under the market esteem pointers is the value income proportion, inferred by isolating the cost per share with the winning per share in a particular period. The cost to profit proportion (PEE Ratio) is the proportion of the offer value comparative with the yearly overall gain earned by the firm per share. PEE proportion shows current speculator interest for an organization share, with the model beneath demonstrating the pattern in the previous five years. DuPont Analysis: The industry benchmark thinks about the total of firms in a similar industry. The graph underneath is the manner by which Southwest Airlines is contrasted with their rival Delta Airlines.

Comparing The Simpsons and Aristophanes Clouds Essay -- comparison, c

Tomorrow on the Simpsons, Homer will find that Bart has taken his Visa and charged $10,000 worth of Irritated and Scratchy stock. Having no expectation for taking care of this obligation, Homer chooses to go to graduate school since he can't bear to enlist a chapter 11 legal counselor. The renowned legal counselor, who shows classes, sends a disheartened Homer home to recover his child, for Homer is excessively dense to perhaps gain proficiency with the methods for the courts. As Bart moves on from graduate school, he utilizes his freshly discovered abilities of contention to persuade the courts that his folks are crazy, his sister Lisa has the right to be in an all inclusive school, and he ought to have the option to put his most youthful sister up for reception. Unfit to see another way, Homer tears down the dividers of the Springfield Law School, assaulting the acclaimed legal advisor for demolishing his life. On numerous levels, this is an ordinary scene of The Simpsons, one I am certain any Simpson's fan would appreciate. The main issue is this isn't a scene of The Simpsons, and it won't air tomorrow. This abstract didn't originate from the TV Guide, rather it is a refreshed rendition of Aristophanes' celebrated parody, Clouds. In spite of the fact that it might come as an astonishment, a large number of the components of America's preferred animation are really similar components utilized by Aristophanes numerous hundreds of years prior in his comedic show, Clouds. There are numerous similitudes between the principle characters of Aristophanes' Clouds and the advanced TV most loved The Simpsons. The main correlation with be made is between the dad figures Strepsiades and Homer Simpson. In spite of the fact that isolated by hundreds of years of changes, Strepsiades and Homer offer an astonishing number of essential character qualities. In the first place, they share an absence of scholarly quality; set forth plainly, the two characters are incre... ...98. Carey, Donick. The Simpsons Archive. D'oh-in' in the Wind. 6 Nov. 2000. Ed. Benjamin Robinson. 6 Sept. 2011. Chen, Raymond, Ed. The Simpsons Archive. Treehouse of Horror II 6 Nov. 2000. 6 Sept. 2011. Greaney, Dan. The Simpsons Archive. I'm With Cupid. 6 Nov. 2000. Ed. Benjamin Robinson. 6 Sept. 2011. Meyer, George. The Simpsons Archive. Homer the Heretic. 6. Nov. 2000. Ed. Chris Baird. 6 Sept. 2011. Scully, Mike. The Simpsons Archive. Lisa's Rival. 6 Nov. 2000. Ed. James A. Cherry. 6 Sept. 2011. Vitti, Jon. The Simpsons Archive. Mr. Furrow. 6 Nov. 2000. Ed. James A. Cherry. 6 Sept. 2011.

NCobra Will America Ever Pay Racial Justice And Reparations - 550 Words

N'Cobra: Will America Ever Pay? Racial Justice And Reparations (Essay Sample) Content: NCOBRAStudent NameInstitution AffiliationTate, K. (2013). Will America Ever Pay? Racial Justice and Reparations.The Forum,2(3). doi: 10.2202/1540-8884.1040The article identifies that NCOBRA is a group formed in 1987 to advocate for all the former slaves to receive reparations from the individuals and US corporations who benefitted from misusing them for labor. The author states in recognition of the NCOBRA top leadership Founders of NCOBRA include National Conference of Black Lawyers, The New Afrikan Peoples Organization, and the Republic of New Afrika (Tate, 2013). Over the years the group has grown and has members across the other continents. The author identifies that the reparations are necessary also because of the injuries and the lifelong effect that slavery and forced labor has had on subsequent generations of the black race. These reparations can take various forms from land to monetary resources. The article further notes that in addition to the reparations the movement also seeks to get an apology from the white community on the injustices they perpetrated on the black African Americans.The article is significant in the research as it provides insight on the establishment of the group and its goals and objectives. It shares on different circumstances that many black people in the US have suffered from and after the abolishment of slavery. It also breaks down the various forms of reparations which are not only subjected to monetary aspect.Webster, J. (2015). Black News and current events from African American Organizations, DogonVillage.com. Retrieved from /african_american_news/Articles/00000076.htmlThe article provides one success story and achievement of the NCOBRA in its efforts to seek justice for the black community. The author notes of the recent admission of guilt by Wachovia Corporation for its role in Africans enslavement during the American holocaust. He notes Wachovia Corporations admission of complicity in the enslavement of African people is a direct result of the vigilance of Reparations activists, researchers and politicians requiring individuals and companies to disclose records of participation and profiting from the enslavement of African people (Webster, 2015). The article goes further to note that its important for African descendants not to confuse between good will material offers and their major objective of seeking full reparations for all the injustices against them. The article goes further to note that black people are still being exploited, many years after the abolishment of slavery. It goes on to acknowledge of modern movements and groups such as Black Lives Matter that are the center of fighting for the unfair targeting and killing of black people.The article is significant in the research as it provides one of the many success stories of NCOBRA since its establishment. It also provides the efforts of similar groups that have come up since then in support of the grievances being fo ught by NCOBRA.Bowman, B. (2018). Exploiting Black Labor After The Abolition Of Slavery. Retrieved from https://ibw21.org/commentary/exploiting-black-labor-abolition-slavery/The article notes some of the difficulties that NCOBRA has faced th...

Questions On Group Counseling Proposal - 3651 Words

CNDV 5312 Group Counseling Proposal Angela Neal Lamar University CNDV 5312 Group Counseling Proposal Around 50 percent of all marriages in the United States today end in divorce (Cherline, 1992; Popenoe, 1996, as cited in Potter, 2010). There are several contributing factors. Infidelity, addictions, abuse, lack of intimacy, conflicts, finances, and changes in views of success, priorities and interests could all be reasons marriages fail (Payne, Olver, Roth, n.d.). Divorce not only impacts the married couple, but also their children. Children may experience many mixed emotions when internalizing the divorce. This group proposal will evaluate the behaviors that children may display when going through a period of family breakup. In addition, I will discuss how group counseling may benefit adolescent children in coping with divorce and strategies that may help limit unwanted behaviors. Part 1: Background Potential Problem Adolescent children may display many different types of behaviors when coping with a split family of divorce. Parents will try to cover their feelings when going through a divorce in efforts to not upset the children. However, children still suffer and end up stressed out and are left to deal with a wide array of emotions. The emotions may lead to feelings of guilt. Adolescent children often blame themselves for the cause of divorce. Instead of parents sitting down and explaining, the cause of divorce to the children in an ageShow MoreRelatedDoes Counseling Overlook Glbt Students Needs? Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesDoes Counseling Overlook GLBT Students’ Needs? Ryan M. Bruce Research Methods in Public Administration PADM 6130 – 95 Kyujin Jung â€Æ' Does Counseling Overlook GLBT Students’ Needs? This paper offers a research proposal to deal with the topic of counseling homosexual students. 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A Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens - 1420 Words

The era surrounding the French Revolution was a horrifically bloody and violent period of history – the best of times and the worst of times. The violence enacted by the citizens of French on their fellow countrymen set a gruesome scene in the cities and country sides of France. Charles Dickens uses a palate of storm, wine, and blood imagery in A Tale of Two Cities to paint exactly how tremendously brutal this period of time was. Dickens use of storm imagery throughout his novel illustrates to the reader the tremulous, fierce, and explosive time period in which the course of events takes place. Dicken’s use of illustrating storms throughout the novel serves the important purpose of showing the reader how the events of the French†¦show more content†¦The accident had happened in getting it out of a cart; the cask had tumbled out with a run, the hoops had burst, and it lay on the stones just outside the door of the wine-shop, shattered like a walnut shell. All th e people within reach had suspended their business, or their idleness, to run to the spot and drink the wine†¦ Some men kneeled down made scoops of their two hands joined, and sipped, or tried to help women, who bent over their shoulders, to sip, before the wine had all run out between their fingers. Others, men and women, dipped in the puddles with little mugs of mutilated earthenware, or even with handkerchiefs from women’s heads, which were squeezed dry into infants’ mouths†¦ (31) The use of wine imagery during the mass hysteria of the capsized cart illustrates the French Revolution on several levels. When the cart capsizes, Dickens describes the falling wine as having burst and tumbled out of the cart, which greatly illustrates the bumpy nature of the events leading up to the outbreak of the revolution. Dickens compares the wine bottles to a shattered walnut shell as a foreshadowing of the broken state of France subsequent to the revolution. 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Ethical theory by Cathy Burke Samples for Students Myassignment

Question: Identify an ICT-related Ethical Issue from a Media article or Case Study. Answer: Introduction: The development of stealth drone machine was commissioned by United States in year 2015 directed by Pentagon. Expansion of the machine was responsible for payroll delivery and transforming surveillance. The article depicts that after the mission is accomplished, drones would have prevailing capabilities like vampire that disappears in thin air. In addition to this, the government was motivated for putting project with an amount of $ eight million. Such investment was done on 26-week design project and it was the initial investment made by government. Some of the dilemma related with the project and ethical issues have been exhibited in the report and this issues is represented in article written by Cathy Burke. There are four classical theories that would be discussed in the report. Discussion: Disappearing drones: The projected device comes with specification; some of the resources would be deliver by drone in areas that is difficult to reach. In addition to this, the device, it would assist in dropping payroll in altered areas and hide them in locations that are convenient. Moreover, surveillance duties will be conducted using drones by a watchful eye that is; it would maintain high distances in air. It would also consider the innumerable acts of violating the components of ethics such as intellectual, property, security and privacy (Beckman, 2016). Knowledge of civilians will not be required for operation of drones. However, military would have the right to carry out some surveillance to some extent. Deontology: Military are the people who have the right of governing the device and in this regard, it is need to consider the duties that they have when they are in power. There are certain policies and rule, which they are obliged to follow. Irrespective of the actions taken by them are right or wrong, they have to comply with the rule based on their experiences.Depending upon the moral standards of users, sage and implementation of disappearing drones would have in the long run. If another situation is considered, where military are required to comportment surveillance in foreign land. The dominant security conditions in foreign land forms the basis of judgment of executing the actions by military (Carlton Schaerf, 2015). People who are miles away from grounds are least interested in conducting critical assessment and this result in raising questions about dilemma relating to ethics. The report also exhibit two ethical issues by making the introduction of deontological issues, duties and constraint. Ethical standards possess a question and are constrained by standard of ethics so that irrespective of relationship, they are to be treated equally (Nichols et al., 2016). Nonetheless, military have the duties of protecting others by making use of all obligatory means. Hence, irrespective of measures that are placed for governing the execution of operations, there would be a tendency of booming the conflict. Utilitarianism: If the outcome of action is maximized, then it is exhibited as moral and ethical standards. This comprise of the definition of Utilitarianism. There might be all the available measures for safeguarding the lives of human being with drones. This era has the features where terrorism exist and many acts are done that is characterized by insecurities and for stopping the criminals, drones will assist required intelligence. However, the thing that is to be questioned is the monitoring of the acts of surveillance and military teams. This relates to monitoring those who are monitoring other people (Abdulhamid et al., 2014). The fate of some countries in Middle East regions is judged by the actions of few individual and in this regard, quality is regarded as most important. It is so because Middle East suffers most and there are innocent civilians. Disappearing drones should not lead to subject their own count of happiness. This is so because it is quite possible that bombs will be dropped i n secrecy as collected from surveillance (Mulgan, 2014). Virtue: The acquisition of proposed contract according to DARPA (The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) is that drones will perform righteous and good acts. There are few areas that are hard to reach will be accessed by drones for delivering medical and food system. Some of the technologies intends to improve way of living as depicted by history and it fell squat of course. Nuclear and atomic bomb are best example. End users such as military personnel and developers are entitled to having moral standards (Melden, 2013). Moreover, ethical outcomes are outlined by standards and character expansion. The moral outcome of project is determined by using technology and taking moral decisions is the function and purpose of people that might have an impact on people. If the operation of military are aligned with righteous acts would lead to use of minimal resources. In first place, there would be violation of privacy and secondly if wrongdoers discover the elusive acts of military, then this lead to compromising of security (Dodds Pippard, 2013). Contract: It has been exhibited in the Cathys article and have proposed have inherent contractual responsibilities toward society. This from an ethical viewpoint may either help or disrupt the course. Societies are governed by universal principles and policies. There would be negative outcome if such rules were not present. Rational individuals would develop the said and prescribed rules. The case study depicts many legal loopholes in the project of disappearing drone and individuals having their own personal agendas are likely to exploit by the project. When considering existing and experiences, this particularly line of thought is justified completely. In order for guiding the users intheir function and governing the moral outlook, a critical legal framework and a social contract must be put in place. For prosecuting and apprehending the international cyber-criminals, there are negligible international laws in the flied of cyber security. It is required by US pentagons and DARPA to make the assessment about the contractual obligations before the said laws and rules are developed (Levitt et al., 2015). This is to be done to immediate society along with those in foreign land where drones are worn. Conclusion: People are governed by act of morality for undertaking good actions that are liberated from harm and evil things. Hence, human life should be promoted by taking ethically upright decisions without directly or indirectly harming those who are related to it. Some of the serious ethical issues are raised in Cathys article and they involve security, privacy and intellectual property. Transformation of surveillance is undertaken in proposed project where disappeared drone would have capabilities that are extended compared to current processes. Some of the valuable intelligence would be collected by them on security matters such as terrorism. Nonetheless, collection of such information does not require innocent civilians consent. Moreover, there are some extended capabilities possessed by system and this involves rising of serious concern such as potential harm of carrying equipments. There are some serious ethical concerns involved in this particular drone project discussed in the article where execution of drone strikes has the consequence of serious causalities of most of the innocent civilians. Execution of project comes with good purpose of DARPA. Nonetheless, for meeting the extended operations, the application would wander off from the course. The likelihood of drones on residents intellectual property is used irrespective of their location or regions. Hence, main question relates to implementation of proposed device would be determined by what standards. Reference: Abdulhamid, S. M., Ahmad, S., Waziri, V. O., Jibril, F. N. (2014). Privacy and national security issues in social networks: The challenges.arXiv preprint arXiv:1402.3301. Beckman, J. (2016).Comparative legal approaches to homeland security and anti-terrorism. Routledge. Carlton, D., Schaerf, C. (Eds.). (2015).International terrorism and world security(Vol. 3). Routledge. Dodds, F., Pippard, T. (2013).Human and environmental security: an agenda for change. Earthscan. Levitt, D. H., Farry, T. J., Mazzarella, J. R. (2015). Counselor Ethical Reasoning: Decision?Making Practice Versus Theory.Counseling and Values,60(1), 84-99. Melden, A. I. (2013).Ethical theories. Read Books Ltd. Mulgan, T. (2014).Understanding utilitarianism. Routledge. Nichols, J. M., Judd, K. P., Olson, C. C., Novak, K., Waterman, J. R., Feller, S., ... Brady, D. (2016). Range performance of the DARPA AWARE wide field-of-view visible imager.Applied optics,55(16), 4478-4484. Taylor, R. W., Fritsch, E. J., Liederbach, J. (2014).Digital crime and digital terrorism. Prentice Hall Press. Walklate, S., Mythen, G. (2014).Contradictions of terrorism: Security, risk and resilience. Routledge.

The West African Regional War Essay Example For Students

The West African Regional War Essay The West Africa Regional WarFor observers of the West Africa regional war, the recent calm in the war-torn Mano River Union (MRU) states Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea has given rise to optimism. Guarded, as this optimism might be, the decrease in violence in West Africa during the second half of 2001 is an important development given the scope and intensity of fighting that gripped these states earlier in the year. While observers agree that the current absence of widespread violent conflict in the MRU is a much-welcomed development, it must not mask the profound cleavages within these societies, the tenuous nature of the UN-imposed peace in Sierra Leone, and the continued serious threat of renewed warfare in the region. A brief overview of the horrendous and persistent conflicts that have engulfed the MRU over the past decade underscores the need for vigilance by the international community in its pursuit of lasting peace in West Africa. The past dozen years of violent conflict in West Africa have led to the death, injury, and mutilation of hundreds of thousands of people and the displacement of millions more. Conservative estimates place the total number of war-related deaths during the seven-year civil war in Liberia (1989 1996) at 150,000, more than 5 percent of Liberias estimated population (SIPRI Yearbook, 1996). We will write a custom essay on The West African Regional War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But this number only begins to tell the story of the horror that civil war brought to this small nation of 2.8 million United Nations Development Program (UNDP), Human Development Report, 1995. Hundreds of thousands more Liberians were injured, displaced, and terrorized by the conflict, and today the tiny state remains the hostage of its corrupt and brutal dictator, Charles Taylor. After the war spread into Sierra Leone in 1991, it had a similarly devastating effect. As in Liberia, armed insurgents preyed on the rural populations, raping, pillaging, and forcefully inducting children into their ranks. During the eight years of warfare that followed, it is estimated (conservatively) that over 60,000 of Sierra Leones estimated 4.2 million inhabitants were killed and hundreds of thousands more injured, mutilated, and displaced (SIPRI Yearbook, 2001; UNDP, Human Development Report, 1995). The 2001 UNDP Human Development Report ranks Sierra Leone last out of the 162 nations rated on the human development index (HDI), a composite measure based on life expectancy, education, and gross domestic product per capita. Most of the refugees sought shelter in neighboring Guinea. The end of the 1990s housed over 500,000 refugees housed in hundreds of camps and settlements in Guinea, one of the largest refugee populations in the world (U.S. Commission for Refugees, Guinea: Country Report 1999, www. refugees.org/world/countryrpt/africa/1999/guinea.htm). While the destabilizing effects on Guinean society of large numbers of Liberian and Sierra Leonean refugees was profound throughout the 1990s, sustained cross-border conflict did not break out between Guinea and her neighbors until 2000. Cross-border attacks into Guinea by Sierra Leones Revolutionary United Front (RUF) and various Liberian-based rebel groups precipitated a harsh military response from the Guinean military, which led to thousands of militia and civilian casualties. Of course, fighting in West Africa during the 1990s was not confined to the MRU states. Serious bloodshed occurred in Guinea-Bissau (1999), the southern Casamance region of Senegal (ongoing), and Nigeria (ongoing) and conflict threatens to engulf c?te dIvoire. Sometimes referred to as the arc of conflict in West Africa, these wars escape simple classification. While the war that started in 1989 in Liberia has become regionalized in the rest of the MRU, the other areas of instability in West Africa are based on intra-state phenomena. Nevertheless, the broader and deeper that instability grows in West Africa, the greater the risk that conflicts will merge and spread, further exacerbating conditions that make West Africa the most impoverished region in the world. The Big PictureIn light of this fighting and the gloomy specter of a growing regional war in West Africa, the United States Institute of Peace convened a group of experts on the conflicts in West Africa and formed a working group to bring together individuals from various national and international agencies and organizations to shed light on the nature of the conflicts in West Africa and recommend appropriate American responses. In this way, the group endeavored to inform itself and support the Bush administrations new Africa team that was confronted with complex and difficult polic y choices. This effort led to four gatherings of the West Africa Working Group (WAWG) between March and August. From the outset, the working group adopted a big picture analytical focus. That is, the group quickly agreed that the series of conflicts in the MRU stretching over the 1990s and into the 2000s should be looked at as a whole. Conceptually, the MRU conflict was therefore seen as a regional war with regional dimensions. Thus, what started in Liberia in 1989 is related to the war in Sierra Leone and to the fighting that broke out in Guinea in 2000. And while different dynamics are responsible for the instability radiating beyond the MRU into other parts of West Africa today, these conflicts further menace regional peace and complicate efforts to find a lasting peace across the West African region. The working group attracted a diverse array of U.S. and foreign specialists that varied depending on the topic of the particular session. The group included representatives from Capitol Hill, British and French governments, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University, intelligence agencies, International Peace Academy, Interaction, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), National Security Council, Pentagon, Physicians for Human Rights, State Department, United Nations, and United States Agency for International Development. The views expressed here represent a summation of issues examined by the WAWG, highlighting the most salient findings and policy recommendations. There were few points of disagreement during the many hours of discussions, both over what has led to the current crisis in West Africa and how the United States should move forward in the region. Perhaps the most significant and sustained point of contention within the WAWG was the degree of optimism/pessimism shared over the current process of demobilization, disarmament, and resettlement (DDR) in Sierra Leone. While some WAWG members were cautiously optimistic that the RUF is finished as a military force, others believed that the rebel group will dig up its guns and resist expulsion from the diamond fields. These group members also concluded that the UN mission lacks the will to confront the RUF if such a scenario plays out. Causes of the ConflictThe group quickly reached a consensus that there are many deleterious forces at play in the region, beyond Charles Taylor and the RUF, that have led to violent conflict in the MRU. .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 , .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .postImageUrl , .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 , .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825:hover , .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825:visited , .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825:active { border:0!important; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825:active , .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825 .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u34400184f7bf6551aa3d8359cf9dd825:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Problem of Sustainability Essay Internal factors stemming from poverty, lack of economic opportunity, ethnic animosities, and a history of political abuse and corruption have fueled the brutal conflicts. External factors have also had a major impact on the duration and ferocity of the conflict, especially the interventions of Burkina Faso and Libya (states that have reportedly trained and armed Taylor and the RUF) and the activities of non-state actors, mostly profiteers such as diamond, timber, and arms traffickers. Working group participants also reached the early conclusion that while the poor socio-economic factors in the regions West Africa contains 11 of the worl ds 20 poorest states were exacerbating both the duration and intensity of the regional conflict, efforts to change the state of underdevelopment in West Africa will be fruitless until the security aspects of the problem are addressed (UNDP, Human Development Report, 2001). Accordingly, the group focused its analysis on containing and ending the fighting. U.S. Interests in West AfricaThe working group agreed that underlying the proliferation of the so-called soft threats (non-traditional security threats to the United States, like the spread of contagion, international criminal networks, and terrorism) is the growing phenomenon of state collapse. In Afghanistan, Colombia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Indonesia, and Somalia, the deleterious effects of the crumbling state are plain to see. In each of these cases, instability and violence have ultimately led to the weakening, and in some instances the failure, of central government and to direct costs for the United Stateseconomically, militarily, in terms of regional stability, and in humanitarian terms. While each of the above cases has elicited a strong policy response from past and current administrations, U.S. policy toward the war in West Africa is still taking shape. Yet state collapse in Liberia (1989) and Sierra Leone (1991) now threatens to spread to a number of West African states including the bordering nations of Guinea and c?te dIvoire. A review of what is at stake for the United States in West Africa illustrates the importance and urgency of developing a policy to stop the spread of the conflict in the region and to cut the legs out from under the wars two main vectors: Liberias Charles Taylor and Sierra Leones RUF. The cycle of state collapse now occurring in the three member states of the war-torn MRU places the entire West African region at risk. Indeed, this area is home to numerous military dictatorships and simmering ethnic rivalries. And as we have already witnessed in other parts of the world, as fighting and instability spread in West Africa, so too does the growth of terrorist networks and international criminal organizations; the destruction of the environment; the spread of disease, refugees, poverty, and ethnic strife; and the general unraveling of living conditions for the regions nearly 240 million people. Nowhere in West Africa is stability more important to the United States than in Nigeria, the continents most populous nation (estimated to be 126 million in 2001, according to the World Fact Book, www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ni. html) and our most important regional ally. Not only does the United States rely on Nigeria as a major source of oil (10 percent of U.S. imports in 2000), but Nigeria is also one of two (along with South Africa) focal points of American foreign policy in sub-Saharan Africa. The United States has strongly supported the democratic government of President Olusegun Obasanjo and has established a strong military cooperation program with Nigeria that has led to the training of five battalions of Nigerian soldiers. Moreover, the United States clearly has an interest in supporting the success of next years important local elections (scheduled for April) and state and federal elections in 2003. The partnership with Nigeria therefore presents an important test case for the United States: support for our friend will not only increase the chances for domestic and regional stability in West Africa, it will demonstrate to other friendly African states that the United States is engaged on the continent. Indeed, increased U. S. engagement in the region is also necessary to counter the deleterious effects of the activities of corrupt non-state actors, the potential growth of militant Islam, and Libyan expansionism in West Africa. The United States should also maintain a keen interest in the success of the United Nations Armed Mission to Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL). Since its near collapse in 2000, UNAMSIL has regrouped with the strong support of the British and today appears to be more coherent and effective. The success of this mission is essential to the strengthening of the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operationsa development that is clearly in the interest of the United States. Moreover, the United States has invested heavily in the mission. In fiscal year 2000, the United States contributed over $128 million to UNAMSIL, a figure that grew to nearly $190 million in fiscal year 2001. This accounts for a significant proportion of the U. S. humanitarian aid budget, funds that are desperately needed elsewhere. Finally, the intangible costs of American inaction in the region would be substantial. The marginalization of African crises from American foreign policy concerns perpetuates the perception within the international community that the United States does not care about the plight of Africans. This undercuts our status as the international leader for democracy, human rights, and peace and damages our national credibility abroad. Just as the marginalization of West Africa jeopardizes U.S. interests, targeted American engagement in the region could bear ample fruit. U.S. engagement in the region in cooperation with our French and British allies could provide an important test case and perhaps a model of Western cooperation that could be called upon elsewhere on the continent (notably in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, DRC) to address war and state collapse. The working group agreed that the key to future collaborative efforts in the region between the United States and its Western European allies will be to identify ways to harness Frances considerable regional influence and elicit policies from Paris that are more compatible with our own. In addition to working more closely with our Western allies on the formation of Africa policies, U.S. cooperation with the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) could also set an important precedent for future cooperative actions on the continent.U. .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff , .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .postImageUrl , .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff , .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff:hover , .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff:visited , .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff:active { border:0!important; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff:active , .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue5ccffcfcc098c99239563cc610a5bff:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The World of Culinary Arts EssayS. Policy toward the RegionAccording to administration sources, Americas policy toward Africa is based on three goals: increasing peace and stability, spreading democracy, and increasing economic prosperity on the continent. Within this approach there are several substantive policy priorities: addressing disease (HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria), opening markets (Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, AGOA, and perhaps the creation of AGOA II designed to increase the number of items covered by the free-trade agreement), political liberalization, and ending wars on the continent (especially in the DRC, Sierra Leone, and Sudan). The government intends to do this while at the same time supporting African states such as Senegal, Mali, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, Mozambique, and Botswana, where socio-economic progress has been made. In West Africa this policy undergirds a number of U.S. programs. First, the United States has continued to support UNAMSIL financially and through military training of African peacekeepers. The U.S. government has also worked closely with the United Kingdom and supported Britains lead role in restoring peace in Sierra Leone. Finally, the United States continues its military and financial support to the Cont? government in Guinea. These efforts comprise part of a broader U.S. strategy in West Africa designed to support our regional allies and contain the spread of the war. The main target of this policy has been the Charles Taylor government in Liberia. The administration has thus attempted to break the link between the Taylor regime and the sale of conflict diamonds through the support of legislation in the United States and of UN sanctions on diamond exports and arms sales and a travel ban on Liberian government officials. In addition to its containment policy toward Taylor, the United States has also attempted to shore up regional allies like Presidents Kufour (Ghana), Konar? (Mali), Wade (Senegal), and Obasanjo (Nigeria). It is also clear that the United States has little choice but to work with President Gbagbo (c?te dIvoire), despite his contested rise to power, to preserve stability. Challenges to U. S. PolicyBeyond these policy thrusts, the working group identified several challenges to the administrations policy and important questions that have yet to be addressed. Short-Term Issues How can the United States best support the United Kingdoms lead role in Sierra Leone? What else should the United States do to bring about a more democratic regime in Liberia? How can the United States avert increased instability in Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, and c?te dIvoire while fostering socio-economic liberalization in these states? How should the United States collaborate with the French to foster economic development and good governance in West Africa? How will the administration prepare the political terrain in Washington to win support for these initiatives on the Hill? ong-Term Issues What are our long-term commitments to UNAMSIL and how will the United States define an exit strategy? How does the U.S. government envisage moving from DDR to economic growth in Sierra Leone and the rest of the West African region? ConclusionThe working group agreed that the international community, striving to end the horror of West Africas regional war, must begin by overseeing the successful resolution of conflict in Sierra Leone. Yet despite recent progress made in ending that war and the implementation of DDR, a number of unpleasant realities remain, making policy formation for the United States and the rest of the international community extremely difficult. UNAMSIL thus must be seen for what it is: a quick-fix, capacity-building effort that is not sustainable over the long run. The economies, political organs, and state institutions in Sierra Leone and Liberia are in a shambles and human capital is entirely depleted. The Kabbah government is a shell, and as one WAWG member put it, There is no there there in Sierra Leone. Still more troubling is the possibility of further violence and destabilization in the region: the RUF continues to menace the peace process; the Cont? and Gbagbo governments lack legitimacy at home and are threatened from within their own states; and tensions remain high between northern Muslims and southern Christians in c?te dIvoire after several years of divisive ethnic politics that have set the groups against one another. More broadly, profound socio-economic problems grip the entire West Africa region, making it fertile ground for future violent conflict. This reality points to several fundamental questions for the U. S. government: have the events of September 11 given rise to a renewed appreciation of the dangers of collapsed states? Or, will the current war on terrorism continue to draw attention and resources away from the crises in West Africa? And finally, can the United States work with its European (especially French) and African allies to help manage conflict and build economic prosperity in the region? Recommendations1.Provide strong support to British leadership in Sierra Leone. 2. Successfully marry the administrations West Africa program with the ambitious conflict prevention/development programs being articulated at the U.S. Agency for International Development. 3. Consider Sierra Leone a model for learning how the United States should approach complex humanitarian crises, state collapse, and regionalized conflict in Africa. 4.Increase U.S. domestic political will to engage in the region through public education and awareness building. 5.Find a middle ground for working with the French on the role Liberias Charles Taylor will play in the future of the region. 6. Develop a mid- and long-term regional plan for West Africa that accounts for big-picture economic and human development trends. 7.Implement the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act as soon as possible and draft and then implement AGOA II, thus extending the number of products covered by the legislation. 8. Buttress socio-economic development in Nigeria, the most populous and perhaps most important U.S. ally in sub-Saharan Africa. 9. Cut off financial resources to warlords who gain sustenance from non-state profiteers like diamond and timber buyers as well as from state actors intent on creating instability to further their own political and economic goals. 10.Continue military assistance to the key regional armies to professionalize them and build linkages with the United States. 11. Speed up debt forgiveness, especially for those countries that play by the rules and are in the process of socio-economic liberalization. 12.Increase aid to the region as an investment in stability, socio-economic development, and the creation of new markets for the United States and to help prevent state collapse. Words/ Pages : 3,186 / 24

Banning On Cloning Is Unjust! Essays - Cloning, Molecular Biology

Banning On Cloning Is Unjust! Essays - Cloning, Molecular Biology Banning On Cloning Is Unjust! On February 24, 1997, the world was shocked and fascinated by the announcement of Ian Wilmut and his colleagues. A press release stated that they had successfully cloned a sheep from a single cell of an adult sheep. Since then, cloning has become one of the most controversial and widely discussed topics. The issue that gets the greatest focus is human cloning, and there has been an onslaught of protests and people lobbying for a ban on it. However, there is a real danger that prohibitions on cloning will open the door to inappropriate restrictions on accepted medical and genetic practices. Therefore, the banning of cloning is unjust. The most popular objection to human cloning is the assumption that science would be playing God if it were to create human clones. This argument refuses to accept the advantage of biological processes and to view the changes of the world. Religious objections were once raised at the prospects of autopsies, anesthesia, artificial insemination, organ transplants, and other acts that seemed to be tampering with divine will. Yet enormous benefits have been gathered by each of these innovations, and they have become a part of humans daily life. The issue of playing God has already arisen when a doctor selects a patient on a waiting list for transplant and leaves others to die, and when the doctor puts their patient under life support whenever they are in coma or they are near death. The moral issue of cloning is similar to the past issue faced by the society such as nuclear energy, recombinant DNA, and the computer encryption. There have always been religious and moral objections to new t echnologies and changes merely because they are different and unknown to humans. The public not only worries about science playing God, but also fears that the cloned childs autonomy and individuality will be reduced because it will have the same DNA as another person. One of the more eloquently stated fears about the loss of uniqueness is a consideration for the rights of the clone to a unique and untried genotype. Moreover, the cloned individual will be saddled with a genotype that has already lived. He will not be a fully surprise to the world, and other people are most likely to compare his performances in life with that of his clone source. But the child who results from cloning will not be the same person as the clone source, even if the two share many physical characteristics. Its uterine, early childhood, and overall rearing environment and experiences will be different. Given the importance for nurture in making a person who he is, the danger that the person cloned will lack a unique individuality is highly fanciful. When Ian Wilmut and his colleagues announced they had successfully cloned a sheep, president Clinton immediately banned federal funds from being used for human cloning research, stating that, Any discovery that touches upon human creation is not simply a matter of scientific inquiry, it is a matter of morality and spirituality as well. Each human life is unique, born of a miracle that reaches beyond laboratory science. However, president Clinton has failed to see the benefits of human cloning. Cloning can directly offer a means of curing diseases or often a technique that can extend means to acquiring new data for the sciences of embryology. European researchers reported that they had developed a method using cloning technology that could help many infertile women to have babies; they do this by inserting the nucleus of one woman s egg into another womans egg. This would allow an older woman to have a baby that is genetically hers, but using the

Beehive extract potential prostate cancer treatment Essay

Beehive extract potential prostate cancer treatment - Essay Example As a means of determining the side effects of the propolis on the cells, researchers did various experiments by using the traditional and the modern ways. Their aim was to discover the effects of the beehive extract on the initial stages of the prostrate malignancy. As a means of proving that CAPE can stop the spread of cancer, the researchers at the university used mice infected with tumors. They discovered that when CAPE is given to the mice, it inhibits the growth of tumors. Control experiments were also conducted since the researchers ceased giving the compound to the mice. The outcome showed the tumor continued growing after they had stopped giving CAPE to the mice. They also discovered that, the beehive extracts can only stop the growing of tumor, but they do not eliminate the cancer (Jones, Kokontis & Chuu). More studies were carried out to confirm that CAPE is effective. One of these studies was done at the National Research Institutes based in Taiwan. In the research, many l ines of cancer were used, and the beehive compound successfully slowed the growth. Even if, the lowest concentration of CAPE was used, it was still be useful in inhibiting the enlargement tumor. The research outcomes also showed that the compound could also hinder the prostrate tumors growth in human beings. If a mice grafted with the human prostrated tumor is given CAPE for six weeks, the amount of prostrate tumor can decrease by half. When the mice stop taking the component, the tumor grows like before. In order to know how CAPE works on the cells to slow them down, the researchers at Taiwan invented a way of measuring the alterations of proteins under certain conditions using the Western blots. They found out that CAPE stops tumor growth by suppressing the protein actions on p70s6 kinase and Akt tracks, which can activate cell growth. Even though, human beings were the focus of the study, mice are mammals and all mammals’ cells have the same characteristics. Hence, the com pound can also work on human beings (Jones, Kokontis & Chuu). For effective treatment of prostrate cancer, CAPE together with other treatments is instrumental. For instance, since the compound cannot kill the tumor cells, it works with chemotherapy, which can kill the cells, while CAPE stops further growth of the cells. However, a need arises to conduct more studies concerning the use of the beehive extracts before using it on human beings. Many people have used the compound to treat other diseases, but they dot not know how they work and hence, before bringing it into pharmacies, researchers have to approve it (Jones, Kokontis & Chuu). The beehive extract prevents prostrate cancer by triggering the apoptosis process. The treatment of prostrate cancer through chemotherapy and radiotherapy is widely known. Nevertheless, these methods are not very effective since they kill cells resulting into damaging of the body immune system. Experimental outcomes show that propolis inhibit mutatio ns that are caused by chemical carcinogen. Propolis on Hep-2 cells hinders the proliferation of cells. This can induce cells apoptosis to certain extends (Farooqui & Farooqui 248). Additionally, propolis affects cycle of cells at a phase called G1 to S phase transition. Its effects are equally apparent at the transition phase of S phase to the

The Pros and Cons of In-House Versus Outsourced R&D Activity for Essay

The Pros and Cons of In-House Versus Outsourced R&D Activity for Technology Firms - Essay Example R & D is the basis behind the creation of new inventions in technology firms, and it is an ongoing process that does not stop as companies are always looking to better the products they have on the market so as to avoid being overtaken by the competition. When dealing with R & D, there are two ways that a company can go about matters; one is through doing these activities in-house while the other is outsourcing these activities to other companies. In-house refers to doing these R & D activities internally (that is, within the company) through company employees while outsourcing refers to contracting out the activities to another company who then sell back their progress and discoveries to the company in the form of services rendered. Though outsourcing has become quite popular among companies over the years there are still some organizations that prefer to keep all their activities in-house, and both (that is, outsourcing and in-house) have pros and cons that a company needs to look at before determining which is one would best suit their company (Krugman, 2006). In terms of outsourcing, there are a couple of Pros that should be taken into consideration, the first being the avoidance of various regulations that may prove to be burdens ome to the company and are present in the country but not in others. These can regulations can refer to issues involving the workers where having the R & D performed in-house would mean that the organization has to concede to extra costs that are demanded by the various labor unions, for example, which may prove to be costly on the overall expenditure or may working conditions that may take a while to set up thus eating into much valued time in the process (Gordon etal 2009)The process of outsourcing allows a company to circumvent all these issues as they are no longer responsible for the workers performing the R & D activities and therefore do not have to deal with such regulations. Another Pro is the cost saving implications that outsourcing provides as in most cases it is much cheaper to outsource activities to another firm than to perform these activities in-house (Koulopoulos, 2006) This can be due to a number of reasons including the tax differences between the countries where by the taxes in the countries where the outsourced companies are based are not as high as those found locally and therefore, they are able to charge less than it would cost to set up the activities here. These savings on money can be used in other sectors of the company that may need it meaning that the company does not have to struggle for means of acquiring this finances thus churning out a win-win situation for all. In terms of Cons with regard to outsourcing, the major one would be the weakened ability of the company to protect its information from its rivals as a result of outsourcing these activities to a foreign based firm. Ensuring that any essential discoveries made remains strictly within the company’s database and is not leaked out to any of its competitors may be difficult as the company will not have a choice but to trust the company that they have outsourced their R & D activities to and hope that they are not susceptible to leakage as the issue

Main Cause Hinder Implementation of Enterprise Essay Example for Free

Main Cause Hinder Implementation of Enterprise Essay 1. Background: Thirty years ago, companies started to develop software to automate their business functions. Enterprise Resourcing planning (ERP) evolved from  Material Requirement Planning (MRP) systems which were created to support inventory functions. MRP system later expanded to support manufacturing tasks, then merged with accounting systems to become ERP software (Jutras, 2011). 2. Definition: Enterprise Resourcing planning ERP is software package to integrate internal and external company’s business functions such as accounting, supply chain and human resources (Wong, Scarbrough, Chau, Davison, 2005). (Typical functionality is summarised in Figure 3. 1). [pic] Figure 3.1: Module Functionality Overview of an ERP System, Source: Adam Sammon (2003). The implementation of ERP consists of all tasks needed to achieve the ERP, start from getting the software and hardware until working properly on that software. ERP implementation goes through interconnecting phases. Those phases start from gathering all information about the current business process and applying that on the software, then testing phase to ensure the software is working accurately. Furthermore, ERP phases like any project may be execute sequentially such as business analysis should come before business setup or may be overlapped with each other such as user training can start at same time with business analysis (Wong, Scarbrough, Chau, Davison, 2005). ERP software is installed in a centralised database to be available to all company’s departments which all information can be accessible at anytime from anywhere. Moreover, consolidate data in one single installation can increase data integrity, avoid data redundancy because the main function for the software that to prevent the duplication. ERP has built based on standard business process which can improve internal business functions for the companies apply the ERP software (Zhang, 2005). 3. Research Methodology 1. Primary research: The primary data for this project was collected using the questionnaire. The questions focused on the implementation cost as a main factor involved in the ERP implementation. In addition the questions tracked other factors can hinder implementing the ERP software such as business analysis, management, technologies and training. The questionnaire sent via emails to over than 140 respondents from different companies providing ERP implementation services, 82 respondents answered the questionnaire. Moreover, the sample selected to represent various regions over the world such as the US, the UK, the Middle East and India. Also respondents were chosen in random from many levels such as project managers, business analysts and pre-sales specialists to collect different ideas from different positions. 2. Secondary research: The main source for secondary data collected which studies conducted in the same subject. Those research contain data about most recent reasons can fail ERP as well as case studies in many companies such as Hershey Foods Corporation. Also secondary data collected from: A. Internet: Sites of all ERP provider where can find updated information about the ERP products such Oracle and SAP sites. Also some sites include articles about ERP failure reasons. B. Books: which contain basics information about ERP software and implementation methods. C. Newspapers and business journals. 4. Findings 1. Findings from the secondary research: Companies spend the money for implementing the ERP software to automating their business which can accelerate the process time. In addition the main target of ERP software that to integrating business functions such as supply chain functions with accounting functions (Mehta, 2010, Davenport, 1998). Moreover after the supplier delivers items to inventory department the next step is to collect the money from the accounting department. Therefore, all information about quantities delivered and accepted inside the store should be shared and secured to the accounting department before pay the money (J.Umble, Haft, M.Umble, 2003). Although, ERP provides a significant improvement, there are frequent studies indicating that companies stopped using the ERP or cancelled implementation task due critical problems faced during the business analysis, training and testing process (Hawari, Heeks, 2010). Consequently, from 50% to 75% of the ERP projects are ended (Hawari, Heeks, 2010). Contrary to expectation in current study hypothesis that the cost is the main cause hindering implementation of the ERP software, this study found there were other significant factors than the cost. The first and substantial factor which can prevent the ERP implementation is the business analysis phase. Because of company’s business process unclearly, the implementation of business functions on the ERP software becomes different than the original needs. The second factor can fail the ERP implementation is the management in consultancy companies who lead the project as well as the companies who apply the ERP software. The former are hiring poor project managers which can underestimate the scope, size and complexity of the project and the later have top management which not committed to applying the ERP software (J.Umble, Haft, M.Umble, 2003). Also, turnover of project personnel such as project managers, consultants and employees in the customer site after the project started which lose key staff experienced with the project and may be the new staff can request more changings (Markus, Axline, Petrie, Tanis, 2000). The third factor is inadequate  training due users did not get enough practice on the new software which affects the operation of the ERP (Ligus, 2007). The cost of ERP implementation comes lately as a factor might fail the ERP implementation (Ligus, 2007). According to Aberdeen group (Jutras, 2008) the average total cost for ERP implementation is $366.583 for company size under $50 million and 35 average users, which including software licenses cost, implementation services cost and maintenance cost. The last factor can hinder the ERP implementation is the hardware and software technology. Moreover, technologies have been changing rapidly which means that the current hardware and software should sustain the upgrades and need new installations. As a result, more upgrades can reflect miss integration with other systems or data loss as well. 2. Findings from the primary research: Firstly, the participants were asked about the cost elements can fail the ERP implementation, 55% of respondents agreed that the software costs are too high, followed by strongly agree, disagree, 33% and 12% respectively. Moreover, the second element is the hardware cost, 51% respondents agreed that the hardware cost is too expensive. While, 34% thought the cost is not expensive. In addition, for the third element, it appears the respondents were distributed equality which 49% agreed that the upgrade costs too high and other 49% disagreed with that element. Also, for the training, 59% of participants disagreed that training cost is too high. However, 33% agreed that the cost is too high. The last element is the cost of skilled employees, by combining answers of strongly agree and agree, the result show that 81% of the sample believed that companies need to hire skilled employees with high salary. Regarding to the next question, about 91% respondents opposed that the software is difficult. In addition, 72% thought that unskilled employees might fail the ERP implementation. As far as the third question whether the ERP implementation influenced by the technologies, answers almost distributed between agree and disagree  for all elements that software updates, hardware Obsolescence, software Incompatibility and integration fails with other third party applications. In terms of question number four, this finding was unexpected and suggests that the business analysis factor is substantial for the ERP implementation failure where 80% of respondents answered that customers do not deliver enough or wrong information about their business process. Also, 92% thought that business processes are not clear in the company which reflects wrong implementation and 90% of the sample concerned that more changes during implementation time could effect on the ERP implementation. Another important finding was that largest set of significant respondents agreed with the management is the most important factor could hinder the ERP implementation where 97% of respondents said the lack of top management commitment had negative consequence on the ERP implementation and 98% believe that inefficient project controlling could prevent the ERP implementation. 5. Discussion 1. Discussion explanation: Based on results indicated from the primary and secondary research, there are five common factors failing the ERP implementation. Moreover, this research reveals that inefficient management is the first and most critical factor. Because of companies assign the project to staff members do not have enough information about current ERP characteristics or without defining company requirements. As a result, poor ERP package will be selected (Ligus, 2007). In addition, 97% of respondents agreed that the lack of top management commitments have an effect on the ERP projects, owing to the fact that, the top management delegates the controlling to the lower level, consequently, conflict of communication between the company and consultants can be happened. Another important factor is the business analysis phase. Due to business processes are unclear, more changes during the implementation process will be required. Apart from the business analysis  factor, consultancy companies are not providing experienced consultants or the turnover during the project because the salary of experienced consultant is too high or they want to reduce the project cost. Based on the result collected from the primary research, the cost factor came as a third reason has an effect on the ERP implementation. Whereas, the finding from the secondary research indicated that the cost factors is the last reason might prevent the ERP projects. Because of companies can pay to get more benefits of the ERP software that can improve their business processes and services. This means that the cost. The next factor might fail the ERP implementation is the training, 91% of respondent disagree that the software is difficult and the reason might affect the ERP implementation that companies hire unskilled employees. Consequently, they cannot use or understand the software. Also, (Ligus, 2007) believes that companies attempt to save dollars by hire inadequate resources or working on overtime basis. As far as the technology factor, results collected from the primary research spread equally between agree and disagree. Due to the fact that companies do not upgrade the ERP software frequently, they did not face problems with the software updates and the hardware. 2. Limitation on research: †¢ Number of samples did not represent all countries fairly. †¢ The questions did not mention company’s business size, which could effect on answers. †¢ Questionnaire did not deliver to all specialists’ equally. †¢ No more information about the ERP implementation costs for all products available which can compare between them. †¢ No more studies about ERP products and technologies for last two years in comparison to two years earlier, which can measure weather the software and hardware improved. 6. Conclusion 1. Conclusion explanation: The aim of this study to examine whether the cost is a major problem can hinder implementing the ERP software. Findings show that there are other critical factors can prevent the ERP implementation which can be summarised from the most critical to less critical factor as poor management, unclear business process then the cost factor came as a third reason can hinder the ERP implementation then inadequate training and the last factor is hardware and software technologies. But with more analysis for the output which can explore chain of factors can affect each other. Owing to poor management, unskilled managers will defect the ERP project and companies should pay more salaries to hire skilled managers. As a result, poor ERP will be selected. Moreover, the problem started from the cost of hiring skilled managers. In addition, Due to consultancy companies want to deliver the implementation services with low cost to compete with other companies, they hiring inexpert consultants because of the salary. In conclusion that, the cost is the major factor can hinder implementing the ERP software but with indirect consequence. 2. Recommendations: Companies only installing a hardware with ERP software, but are in fact, changing the culture of management and improve the business process are essential before implement the ERP software (Davenport, 2000). Regarding to the primary research, there are some points need to mention in the future: †¢ Number of samples should represented many countries based on some factors such as number of software usage, area and business volume. Namely, the US should represented by at least 520 respondents, 52 states*10 samples. †¢ Business size should be indicated in the questionnaire. The need of software varies from small, medium and large business. In addition,  employee skills are difference referring to the business size. Also, medium and large business size can pay more for the ERP software than the small business size. †¢ Questionnaire should be targeted the specialization. Information available to the sales specialists is about prices and they do not have more information about the business or management problems which can be collected from the project managers and consultants. 7. References and bibliography Adam, F. Sammon, D. (2003),The Enterprise Resource Planning Decade: Lessons Learned and Issues for the Future. Idea Group Publishing: Hershey. Ada,W., Harry, S., Patrick, K., Robert D., (2005). Critical Failure Factors in ERP Implementation. Ligus, G., (2007), 12 Cardinal Sins of ERP Implementation. Rockford Consulting Group LTD. IL.US Jutras, C. (2011), An ERP history. Retrieved from (http://www.mbtmag.com/articles/2011/08/erp-history-lesson)(23 Aug, 2012). Markus, L., Axline, S., Petrie, D. Tanis, C. (2000). Learning from Adopters Experience with ERP Problems Encountered and Success Achieved. Journal of Information Technology. 15(2). PP 245-265. Mehta, A. (2010), A Study on Critical Success Factors for Successful ERP Implementation at Indian SMEs. Dissertation for Master of Philosophy in Management. Muscatello, J. Parente, D. (2006), Enterprise resource planning (ERP): a post implementation cross-case analysis, Information Resources Management Journal, Vol. 19 No. 3, pp. 61-80. Parr, A. Shanks, G. (2000), A model of ERP project implementation. Journal of Information Technology 15(2). PP 289-303. Shanks, G., Seddon, B., Leslie, P. Willcocks (2003), Second-Wave Enterprise Resource Planning Systems Implementing for Effectiveness.

A Capitalist Economy vs Socialist Economy Essay -- Capitalist Economic

A Capitalist Economy vs Socialist Economy There are a variety of economic systems today, which can influence how prosperous we will be as individuals or as a group. Socialism is an economic system where the government will be greatly involved in the economy. In a socialist economy the government can control many industries, provide public institutions such as health care and education, and equalize incomes of the population. A socialist economy is one of low unemployment and stability, where the government sets production quotas and price regulation upon their perception of the needs of the economy. On the other hand, a capitalistic economy is an economic system where there is a very limited amount of government involvement. The capitalistic economy is based on the demand of consumers and the supply of producers. There is a great advantage of living in a nation where there is a low amount of government intervention in the economy, because government intervention reduces the freedom of markets, causes a slow growing economy, and exploits the consumers in the economy. Firstly, high government intervention reduces the freedom of the markets. When the government controls an economy, the population is taxed in order to fund national programs. Taxing the consumers of the economy will reduce the personal spending, therefore causing the economy to grow in areas of public service such as education and health care instead of technology and fashion. Furthermore, the industries in a social economy are directed by quotas, which is production targets set by the government. The quotas don’t often represent the need in the economy, therefore causing a surplus or a deficit of products, which leads to small profits.... ...ions placed on industries in a social economy will affect the price, variety, and quality of products produced in their economy. In conclusion, there is a great advantage of living in a nation where there is a low amount of government intervention in the economy, because government intervention reduces the freedom of markets, causes a slow growing economy, and exploits the consumers in the economy. Capitalism provides a marketplace where industries compete in order attract more consumers, therefore providing more efficient, qualitative and plenty of variety for consumers. This efficiency, quality, and variety will help the economy grow in whatever way it wants to, making capitalism the most flexible economic systems. The nature of human beings is, one is satisfied, when he/she has provided the necessities for himself first, then the people around him.

Equal in the workplace for men and women Essay

First of all, I find it imperative to emphasize the characteristics that make women and men so different. It’s more than obvious that by nature’s default, women and men were given different features. In fact, people are having their own particularities that make each individual unique. Only known facts so far, but what I need to say is that these natural differences can’t be allowed to be the reason of social discrimination. And if the education system has become more and more efficient, providing women the opportunity to learn and specialize in many fields, statistics still say that the number of excellent specialists is smaller for women than for men. But we must ask ourselves why this is happening. Could women be less native gifted? Or could it be the social pressure that doesn’t allow them to express themselves? Or may the statistics research have been made by the men who do not wish to lose their supremacy? It’s difficult to answer. And even if women have better scores when it comes to school, men are always ranked better and have a higher prestige. For example, a male engineer is often more appreciated than a female engineer. Next, work is still discriminating for the two sexes, even if the discrimination is not an official one. These inequalities are also present in the private life, as women are the victims of a pervert social progress. For example, even if women are more independent in their couple life, there will be more single and divorced women due to that. One of them could be the fact that working women don’t have time for a successful private life. Another reason could be the fact that some men feel intimidated by some women’s qualities and can’t stand being inferior to them. At the same time there is a fragile compatibility between motherhood and career and the family policies that exist encourage women to give up working for a domestic way of living. This way, women find themselves forced to give up their independence. But even a family life without having children means compromise to women. It’s natural for the women who have a full-time job not to have the strength to do all that housewives do. The woman’s duties at home are more numerous than the men’s, but at the same time, the equality between women and men  force them to work the same time and way at their jobs. This situation is due to the fact that there are still a lot of men who think in the terms of the patriarchate system. There are also men who treat women socially right, but this situation isn’t quite the happiest, as they somehow forget their manners or act thinking something like: † If we’re equal and we do our own laundry, why should I hold her coat or open the door for her?!† This is also an abnormal situation. While in the first case the problem was that women were equal to men only when it came to work, in the second one the issue is about the equality that takes away women’s right of being respected as women. Women have entered the workforce and have risen in the ranks, but they still haven’t become male clones. Indeed, men and women can be just as different in the professional world as they are in their personal lives. What executives are just beginning to understand is that these differences can be great for business. Women and men are not equal in the workplace. The differences between constitutions In general, men are more interested in objects and things rather than people and feelings. They like doing things by themselves is a symbol of efficiency, power and competence. A women value love, communication, beauty and relationships. A woman’s sense of self is defined through their feelings and the quality of their relationships. They spend much time supporting, nurturing and helping each other. They experience fulfillment through sharing and relating. Opportunities for promotion I will tended to promote more men than women. I would even generally given men higher salaries. Why? Am I sexist? Do men do a better job? The answer is a resounding no to both. Actually, it is mostly women’s fault. They are too shy and simply don’t ask for raises or promotions as often as men do. Most bosses won’t fire you for saying you’d like to move ahead. Very often bosses don’t even think about who should be advanced and who shouldn’t. They’re busy juggling too many things. You have to sell them on the idea of promoting you. Gender Discrimination Although there are regulations within the workplace there is still discrimination. Women are facing discrimination in their income, unemployment and occupational distribution. Women’s salaries average only 72-88% to men’s salaries. Many types of discrimination in the workplace are partly to blame for the wage gap. Allocate discrimination describes the phenomenon that women are differentially allocated to occupations and establishments that pay lower wages. Sexual Harassment Sexual harassment is a clear form of gender discrimination based on sex, a manifestation of unequal power relations between men and women. An employer forcing an employee to perform sexual favors in exchange for some reward or to avoid negative consequences. Women should not use overt sexuality to get ahead. Occasional mild flirting may have its place, but to be taken seriously, focus on business. Look professional and attractive but not sexy. The same goes for men. Guys who dress too flashily likewise aren’t taken seriously, except in the entertainment world. Women and men are equal in the workplace Equal opportunity in education In the modern world, female and male have equal opportunity for education. Therefore, the knowledge of women will not less than men even more than men. So now in the society, there have a lot of women university graduates. In the past, most of the engineers, doctors, lawyers and businessmen are men while tailors, nurses and teachers are women. The principle are does not to be change. But now they have equal opportunity for education and knowledge so the careers of engineers, doctors, lawyers and businessmen are no longer for mens’ world and women can be also as good in these occupations than men even better than men. Hence, women have an ability to complete with men in the workplace. More careful, calm and conscientious More of the employer prefer to hire women in the work, especially in calculation field because women have more careful, calm and conscientious. Most of the men are more impatient, they do not pay attention to details. As long as there is something get wrong they will feel very irritable. So man’s patience will be less than women. When you cannot deal the things calmly,  the thing will getting more complicated. Therefore, woman’s carefulness, calmness and conscientious will better than man. Mentally strong Women must have strong mental to handle their work. That is because, in the work place they need to challenge with men. They need to become a super woman to secure their ability, position and a lot of pressure from the workplace. When they go back home, they need to change their mental to become a loving mother and gentle wife. In addition to, they need to do a lot of housework and take care about their family. And they do not put any pressure to home from the workplace and do not vent pressure to their family. So women need have strong mental than men to handle it. That is why, women can equal with men in the workplace. Entrepreneurs in business Nowadays, many women have an ability to earn money and be independent in the competitive society. Women have rely on their own ability, interpersonal relationships, knowledge and effort to be a successful entrepreneurs in their own business.